CALENDAR OF EVENTS

General (lecture) meetings are held in the University of Colorado Museum, Dinosaur Room

Second Thursday of each Month, at 7:00 PM. The public is always welcome.

Mar 4 Executive Board, Sword Microsystems Conference Room, 7:30PM

Mar 11 IPCAS General Meeting, 7 PM. Rich Wilshusen

Topic: Southwestern Archaeology or Archaeology and The

Computer Data Base. See the article on Page 2.

Apr 1 Executive Board, Sword Microsystems Conference Room, 7:30PM

Apr 8 IPCAS General Meeting, 7 PM. Larry Todd

Topic: Archaic Bison Hunters of Northern Colorado.

May 5 Executive Board, Sword Microsystems Conference Room, 7:30PM

May 13 IPCAS General Meeting, 7 PM. Kevin Black

Topic: Human Burials.

May 8-16 Colorado Archaeology and Historic Preservation Week

Archaeology and Historic Preservation Week is a celebration of our state's heritage. The week highlights special preservation projects,

Map of Parking at CU Museum

archaeological talks and prehistoric or historical sites cherished by local residents and visitors. This year's poster will focus on Apishipa

structures of southeastern Colorado. Local organizations, museums,

and agencies are invited to participate in the week's celebration for

1999 that will be held May 8 through 16.

For further information call Todd McMahon, Staff Archaeologist,

Colorado Historical Society at (303) 866-4607.

April Calumet

This Calumet had insufficient space to present the PIT

Projects that are available in neighboring states. The April

Inside This CALUMET

Calendar of Events 1

March Topic 2

Volunteer Opportunities 2

More on Miami Stone Circle 9

More on Kennewick Man 10

Membership Renewals 11

February BOD Minutes 11

Officers/Board Members 12

Membership Application 12

Calumet will not repeat the Colorado PIT Projects and will present Arizona, Kansas, Nebraska, New Mexico, Utah, and Wyoming PIT Projects. Many of these projects have application dates of April 15 - so examine the next Calumet as soon as it arrives. If you would like a copy of the PIT Traveler (catalog of PIT Projects), please call the PIT Clearinghouse at 1-800-281-9176. The PIT Traveler for Summer-Fall 1999 is about to be mailed.

Mac Avery

CALUMET - March, 1999

March Topic - Recent Research in Post-Pueblo Archaeology in the Four Corners

Richard H. Wilshusen

In the last decade there has been a dramatic increase in our understanding of the archaeology of the Gobernador area in northwestern New Mexico. This area is the heartland of Navajo settlement between AD 1500 and 1750. Recent research has changed our archaeological understanding of early Navajo settlement patterns, subsistence, and cultural identity. In the past, many archaeologists have argued that Navajo culture was transformed into something much more Pueblo-like with

influx of Pueblo refugees into Navajo area beginning with the Pueblo Revolt and culminating with the reconquest of New Mexico by the Spaniards in 1690 and 1694. Recent research presents a much more complicated and fascinating picture of the changes--many of which appear to predate the Pueblo Revolt of 1680 and Reconquest of 1690.

The introduction of Gobernador Polychrome, the dependence on corn agriculture, and the construction of pueblitos all will be discussed in this presentation. Historical, archaeological, and traditional accounts offer a very dynamic view of the changes in the Four Corners between AD 1500 and 1750. Key points will be illustrated with slides and overheads.

Richard H. Wilshusen works as a contract archaeologist in the Southwest and is also an instructor in Anthropology at the University of Colorado. His primary research interests have been village formation, the cultural history of late Basketmaker and early Pueblo periods, and the migrations in the late ninth and thirteenth centuries in the Four Corners region. He has worked in the American Southwest and Southern Plains, as well as in Guatemala, Colombia, and Belize. He obtained his

Ph.D. from the University of Colorado.

Volunteer Opportunities

Club Sponsored or Club Assisted

If any member is interested in participating in any of the Club Volunteer Opportunity projects, please contact the Volunteer Coordinator, Tom Cree, at (303) 776-7004 or tlc@lanminds.net for registration and/or additional information.

Rocky Mountain National Park

Bob Brunswig, PI

June 14 through August 6 - Weekdays

Survey, with limited excavation

The project will occur in Rocky Mountain National Park eight weeks this next summer. Work will be performed during the week utilizing weekends only if there is a special project. Volunteers in small numbers will be welcome and there will be a 10-person survey crew from the University of Northern Colorado, including some former students. The crew will be staying at Lieffer Cabin, south of Estes Park - like last year. Volunteers are welcome to camp there and share food and facilities. The crew will assemble each day at the cabin and drive into the park in as few vehicles as possible.

Some of the new work will involve small valleys on the far southeast and far northeast of the Park in addition to Moraine and Horseshoe parks. As a result, smaller survey teams will be spending time in those areas. The plan is to survey a minimum of 2000 acres this year. There will be some testing, but probably in the last couple of weeks and mainly in Beaver Meadows. This year, the project will be testing the use of direct GPS mapping in the field of at least the more complex sites. There will be computers at the RMNP headquarters and in the field (a Pentium notebook) and the project will be experimenting with the use of digital cameras. Next year, the project will be going to the western slope side of the park into largely "virgin" territory with somewhat less visited (and disturbed) sites, but also many more remote sites. The project will get to some really remote, high altitude areas in the next couple of years.

Our CAS chapter has provided volunteers to Bob's projects for years. Bob is our Professional Advisor. Our chapter has pledged volunteer assistance to this project.

LEIGH MINTURN

CALUMET - March, 1999

Volunteer Opportunities

Club Sponsored or Club Assisted

Site 5BL82

Byron L. Olson, PI

August 2 through August 6 - Weekdays

Excavation

Site 5BL82 was recorded by Dr. James Benedict on June 27, 1969. The site is located on an outwash terrace on the north side of Middle St. Vrain Creek, about five miles west of Peaceful Valley, on land administered by the US Forest Service. The terrace is part of an open, grassy meadow surrounded by sub-alpine forest and is at an elevation of 9780 feet.

Cultural material collected on the surface from 1969 to 1975 includes 20 Mount Albion projectile points and point fragments, biface and scraper fragments, utilized flakes, Lyons Sandstone milling fragments, and debitage including quartzite and argillite lithic types. Most of this material was found along a 4-wheel-drive road that bisects the site and has rutted the site surface to a depth of about 30 cm. There is also a report of a possible stone circle.

The site has the potential of providing a radiocarbon date for the Mount Albion occupation and perhaps of other occupations, as well. Solid dates for the Mount Albion complex are provided by only two sites, 5BL70 and the Hungry Whistler site (5BL67), which indicate an age range between 5800-5350 BP. It is likely that site 5BL82 served a different function than sites 5BL70 and 5BL67. The latter two sites are located above timberline on Albion Ridge and are thought to be specialized hunting camps associated with game drives on the ridge. Site 5BL82 is at a lower altitude and its setting suggests a more generalized campsite.

Two or more shovel probe lines, with probes spaced at 10m intervals, will be used to determine the horizontal extent of the cultural materials. Formal excavations will be initially undertaken adjacent to the 4-wheel-drive road where the Mount Albion points were collected. No excavations in the roadway are currently proposed but excavations adjacent to the roadway should indicate whether or not intact cultural deposits are preserved in the roadbed. The number of units that will be opened in 1999 field season depends on the number of volunteers available and the maximum depth required. If early indications are confirmed by the planned work, more than one field season will be needed to adequately investigate the site.

Our chapter is the excavation sponsor. Dr. Benedict will serve as the project geologist. All volunteers will be from CAS.

This would be only the third Mount Albion site ever excavated. This project has easy access, is in the middle of a jeep road, and provides an excavation opportunity for those who do not wish to hike 7 miles straight uphill with a 50-pound pack (often the norm in getting to sites in high-altitude archaeology).

Willow Bunker Project

Doug Bamforth, PI

June 1 through July 2 - Weekdays

Excavation, with limited survey

The project is located 12 miles north and 7 miles west of Briggsdale, working in the Pawnee National Grassland with the Forest Service. There is funding from the University of Colorado (field school operation) for volunteer participation that will be used to hire two graduate student supervisors, rent a vehicle, cover the costs of some tools and materials, and contribute a bit for food. Focus will be on the site of Willow Bunker, which has a 14C date of 7000 BP, as well as levels that have produced ceramics.

The project will be able to accommodate about 8 club volunteers at any one time, and there is reasonable flexibility about how long people should stay. While the minimum would probably be three days, the maximum is open-ended. Students in the University field school will participate for a couple of days at the beginning and end of the project, so volunteers should expect to work mainly in the middle three weeks of the project. Weekend work is not planned. This is also the focus of three, one-week PIT Projects, supervised by Jeff Overturf, NFS. See page 6 for details of the PIT Project.

There will be camping in a Forest Service facility with solar showers, located just outside Briggsdale. Food and cooking arrangements are still being worked out. This project was the focus of a PIT Project in 1998. The PIT Project excavated two hearths, surveyed more than a square mile of Pawnee National Grassland, discovered the bones of a bison (which will be excavated during the 1999 PIT Project), found numerous lithics, and identified a number of areas where hearths are likely to be buried. Our chapter has pledged volunteer support for this project.

CALUMET - March, 1999

Volunteer Opportunities

Club Sponsored or Club Assisted

Cabin Survey for the National Forest Service

May through October - Saturdays and Sundays

Survey

Survey takes place on occasional weekend days during the spring and summer, weather and snow-cover peermitting. Record search and report generation is performed on weekdays.

Our chapter has a volunteer agreement with the Arapahoe and Roosevelt National Forest Service to perform Class III cultural resource inventories and evaluation on cabins that have been relinquished back to the NFS. The cabins are located in the mountain areas of Boulder and Gilpin Counties. A report is generated on each cabin. Included in each report are: general area and site descriptions; photographs of the cabin and associated buildings; location map(s); results of a pedestrian survey for historic and prehistoric archaeological evidence; results of information searches in county, state, and federal records; and information searches in numerous libraries. Each report also includes completed forms for state site identification. It is the responsibility of the evaluation team to recommend disposition of the cabin, including whether the cabin should be nominated for inclusion in state or federal historic site registry. It takes one day or less to perform the fieldwork (on the weekend) and another day or two of effort (during the week) to perform the information searches. Each report requires about 30 hours to complete. The NFS, SHPO, team members, and the chapter library are provided with copies of each final report. The cabin survey project began in 1996 and will continue each year, well past the year 2000.

Volunteer Opportunities

PIT Projects - National Forest Service

Passport In Time (PIT) Projects are offered to the public by the National Forest Service. The projects are free to the volunteers, are very well supervised, and offer opportunities in numerous areas. The volunteers provide their own transportation to the project site, often provide their own camping/lodging arrangements, and often provide their own food.

PIT Projects are great work, always interesting, and a marvelous experience. If you are interested in a PIT Project, please contact the PIT Clearinghouse at 1-800-281-9176 or Tom Cree at 303-776-7004 for a project catalog or an application.

For an internet version of the PIT Traveler (catalog), go to http://www.swanet.org/pit99.html

COLORADO PROJECTS

Project: Coffee Divide Site Testing; Nearest town: Granby, 6 miles;

Dates: August 30 - September 3: Must commit to full session; Applications due: June 15.

Description: The Coffee Divide site is a large and potentially significant prehistoric lithic-procurement and camp site located within the Arapaho NRA, a half mile from Lake Granby, Colorado. Over the last 30 years, many significant archaeological sites have been located in this area near the source of the Colorado River, including evidence of early Archaic structures dating to 7,000 years ago. Data gathered during this project will help us to understand prehistoric stone-tool manufacture, settlement patterns, and prehistoric lifeways in the high mountains of northern Colorado. Volunteers will help survey, map, record, and test excavate the site using a variety of tools and techniques. Number of openings: 9;

Special skills: Excavation experience desirable; Minimum age: Under 18 with a responsible adult;

Facilities: FS campground with water, toilets, hardened campsites, and fire rings

Project: Historic Arrowhead Lodge Rehabilitation; Nearest towns: Rustic, 4 miles; LaPorte, 40 miles

Dates: September 13-17: Must commit to full session; Applications due: June 15.

Description: The historic Arrowhead Lodge was built in 1934, and for 50 years was the hub of activity in the Poudre Canyon of northern Colorado. The FS acquired this stately lodge in 1984, and worked to get the property listed in the NRHP in 1992. The main building currently functions as an FS visitor center, with over 6,000 visitor contacts per year. Volunteers for this project will help to rebuild the front porch of the main lodge and will construct a wheelchair-accessible ramp. Additional work at the site will include widening of the main entrance, the removal of an outbuilding, and some general repair and stabilization work on the lodge and outbuildings. Join us for this rewarding project set in the magnificence and beauty of the Poudre Canyon. Number of openings: 10; Special skills: Carpentry skills desirable; Minimum age: Under 18 with a responsible adult; Facilities: FS campground near the lodge with water, toilets, hardened campsites, and fire rings; limited services in Rustic

CALUMET - March, 1999

Project: Picketwire Sites Inventory and Documentation; Nearest town: La Junta, 35 miles

Dates: June 6-11: Must commit to full session; Application Due: April 15

Description: The Picketwire Canyonlands is a spectacularly rugged area containing a high density of prehistoric resources. We are recruiting volunteers to help us search portions of the canyon for cultural sites and to help us prepare the detailed records of what is discovered. Among the resources expected are complex architectural and rock art sites dating to the Ceramic period (A.D. 800-1200. Our volunteers will help us thoroughly examine the area and aid in the specialized recording tasks that will be needed, including photography, site mapping, and rock art recording. This is an opportunity for interested persons to hone their survey skills in a scenic and remote area. Number of openings: 8-12.

Special skills: Must be in good health and able to hike over rough terrain in hot weather; experience in photography, site mapping, and rock art recording desirable; Minimum age: 16 years old; under 18 with a responsible adult

Facilities: No commercial lodging available. FS bunkhouse facilities in Picketwire Canyonlands; space for tents and campers also available. Participants responsible for own food and drinking water; cooking facilities available; dinners are "family" affairs. Restaurants, groceries, and water are available in La Junta.

Project: Sand Canyon Survey; Nearest town: Springfield, 35 miles

Dates: October 3-8: Must commit to full session; Application Due: August 15.

Description: Sand Canyon is a rugged and beautiful tributary of the Cimarron River, located in the canyon country of southeastern Colorado. The sandstone walls of the canyon shelter a variety of archaeological remains, including prehistoric quartzite quarries, rockshelters, protohistoric aboriginal rock art, and 19th-century stone masonry homesteads. Working with FS archaeologists, participants will conduct a pedestrian archaeological inventory of the canyon. Project tasks will include topographic map reading, artifact identification, basic lithic analysis, photography, and sketch mapping. Volunteers will participate in a one-day training and orientation session at the beginning of the project. Please come and explore this little-known corner of Colorado! Number of openings: 10

Special skills: Must be in good health and able to hike over rough terrain in variable weather conditions; archaeological survey experience desirable; Minimum age: 16 years old; under 18 with a responsible adult

Facilities: Primitive camping in the project area; volunteers responsible for own food, water, and camping gear. It may be possible to bring small campers into the project area.

Project: Alpine Tunnel Historic District Restoration; Nearest town: Pitkin, 13 miles

Dates: August 8-15: Must commit to 4 days; Application due: June 15

Description: Volunteers and FS archaeologists will continue the historic restoration at the Alpine Tunnel. This year's project includes construction of a turntable walkway, construction of a working stub switch and section of main line, continued documentation of the boarding house, and maintenance of restored facilities. Projects include activities children can accomplish. Number of openings: 25; Special skills: Must be in good physical condition and able to work at high altitudes; carpentry skills and archaeological experience desirable; small construction equipment welcome;

Minimum age: Under 18 with a responsible adult; Facilities: FS campgrounds nearby with toilets and running water; commercial lodging available in Pitkin, Ohio City, and Gunnison

Project: Archaic or Ute Houses? Survey of Indian Ridge, Grand Mesa, Colorado

Nearest towns: Grand Junction, 22 miles; Delta, 35 miles

Dates: June 14-18, 21-25: Must commit to one or both full sessions; shorter stays negotiable; Applications due: April 15

Description: Several enigmatic basalt rings are located on a ridge west of the Land's End Road on the south side of Grand Mesa. These features are located west of a tributary of Kannah Creek (Kannah means "tipi pole" in Ute). The Land's End Aboriginal Site, a major site with an occupation spanning at least 8,000 years, is located on the banks of Kannah Creek. It is critical to thoroughly survey Indian Ridge and ridges to the east, recording the known rock features and other sites yet to be discovered, to determine their cultural affiliation and possible association with Land's End. This survey may result in the discovery and recordation of some of the most interesting archaeological sites on Grand Mesa. Number of openings: 8

Special skills: Heritage resource inventory and recording skills desirable (2 of the 8 volunteers must have these skills)

Minimum age: Under 18 with a responsible adult; Facilities: Camping at Wild Rose Picnic Area ~3 miles from project area, with creek water requiring purification and CCC log toilet; informal camping without facilities along Land's End Road and on Grand Mesa; formal campgrounds with water and toilets on Grand Mesa; motels in Grand Junction and Delta

CALUMET - March, 1999

Project: Land's End Aboriginal Site Excavation Dates: August 16-25 (may also work August 30-September 1): Must commit to full session; shorter stays negotiable; Applications due: June 15

Description: The Land's End Aboriginal site, located on the southern flanks of Grand Mesa in pinyon-juniper country, was recently placed on the Colorado State Register of Historic Places. Test excavations revealed cultural deposits at least 8,000 years old. The portion of the site to be excavated this year has been vandalized because of its proximity to the Land's End Road and a popular informal camping area. A private archaeological contracting company will excavate a portion of the site with state grant funds obtained by the Western Colorado Interpretive Association. PIT volunteers will spend two days learning archaeological techniques from professional archaeologists and the remaining days excavating alongside them. We will produce a broadcast-quality video of the excavation process, and a public version of the technical report.

Number of openings: 4-6; Special skills: Must be able to work long days in hot weather; some excavation experience desirable; Minimum age: Under 18 with a responsible adult; Facilities: Camping at Wild Rose Picnic Area ~3 miles from project area, with creek water requiring purification and CCC log toilet; informal camping without facilities along Land's End Road and on Grand Mesa; formal campgrounds with water and toilets on Grand Mesa; motels in Grand Junction and Delta; Nearest towns: Grand Junction, 22 miles; Delta, 35 miles

Project: Teller City Ghost Town Interpretive Project; Nearest towns: Rand and Gould, 7 miles; Walden, 30 miles

Dates: August 23-27: Must commit to full session; Applications due: June 15

Description: In the early- to mid-1880s, Teller City was the largest and most influential town in the mountains of northern Colorado. At its peak, Teller City boasted up to 1,500 residents, numerous saloons, a luxurious hotel, and two newspapers. Today, all that remains of the town's former glory are a few dozen foundations, scattered artifacts, and colorful stories about its bustling heyday. An accessible loop trail winds through the site, and interpretive signs will be installed this summer to give visitors a glimpse into the area's rich history. Volunteers will help to install signs at the site, conduct maintenance on the trail, put shingles on a reconstructed cabin, and do some general site cleanup. Volunteers will learn about the Colorado mining boom of the late 19th century, with field trips to nearby Park City (a contemporary ghost town) and associated mines. The project area is one of the premier sites for moose viewing in Colorado, so bring your camera!

Number of openings: 9; Minimum age: Under 18 with a responsible adult; Facilities: Camping near the project area; toilets and water provided; limited services in Rand and Gould

Project: Willow Bunker Archaeological Site Testing; Nearest towns: Grover and Briggsdale, 15 miles; Ault, 30 miles

Dates: June 7-11, 14-18, 21-25: Must commit to 1 full session; Applications due: April 15

Description: Located on the rolling plains of northeastern Colorado, the Willow Bunker area contains a large and diverse assemblage of prehistoric and historical archaeological resources. Previous work at these sites has produced intriguing results, including a 7,000-year-old hearth and a possible bison bone bed. During the 1999 field season, the Pawnee National Grassland will partner with the University of Colorado archaeological field school and Paleo Cultural Research Group to uncover the mysteries of prehistoric life on the plains. Volunteers will help survey, map, analyze artifacts, and test-excavate portions of this 100-acre area. Number of openings: 6 per session; Special skills: Excavation experience desirable;

Minimum age: Under 18 with a responsible adult; Facilities: Camping in the project area; toilets and water provided; limited services in Grover and Briggsdale

Project: Pikes Peak Sites Inventory and Documentation; Nearest town: Woodland Park, 10 miles

Dates: August 8-13: Must commit to full session; shorter stays negotiable; Applications due: June 15

Description: Pikes Peak is a National Historic Landmark and an enduring symbol of America's westward expansion. However, we know little about the prehistoric archaeology and history of the peak, with the exception of the summit. We are in the process of developing a management plan for the peak and its vicinity and increasing our knowledge of cultural sites is of vital importance. Volunteers will help locate prehistoric campsites and numerous 19th-century mines and other historical-period sites. This area is only informally known - we need to prove or disprove hearsay. August should be an ideal time for this investigation, which will require hikes of 2 to 3 miles per day in the Colorado high country (7,000-12,000 feet). Help us rediscover the spirit of "Pikes Peak or Bust" this summer. Number of openings: 6-8; Special skills: Should be in good health and able to hike over rough terrain; archaeological survey experience, and photography and drawing skills desirable; Minimum age: 15 years old; under 18 with a responsible adult; Facilities: FS bunkhouse facilities in the Pike NF with space for tents and campers; commercial lodging at Woodland Park near the project area. Participants responsible for own food; cooking facilities available.

CALUMET - March, 1999

Project: Pony Park Sites Inventory and Documentation; Nearest town: Fairplay, 15 miles

Dates: July 11-16: Must commit to full session; shorter stays negotiable; Applications due: April 15

Description: Pony Park is a secluded open parkland east of the Arkansas River canyon in central Colorado. From previous investigations, we know this area contains a high density of significant prehistoric sites. We are recruiting volunteers to help us systematically survey the park and vicinity and record archaeological and historical-period resources. We expect to find numerous prehistoric campsites with flaked-stone tools, ground stone, and culturally used trees. Pony Park is at 10,000 feet and is bordered by ponderosa pine-mixed conifer forest; it should be an ideal place to enjoy nature and the Colorado high country in the early summer. We will drive directly to most areas, and grades within the park are moderate.

Number of openings: 6-10; Special skills: Participants should be in good health and able to hike over rough terrain; archaeological survey experience, and photography and drawing skills desirable;

Minimum age: 16 years old; under 18 with responsible adult;

Facilities: FS campground with potable water, toilets, and space for tents and RVs; commercial lodging in Fairplay. Participants responsible for own food; "family"-style meal the first night; some meals may be pooled

Project: Spanish Peaks Sites Inventory and Documentation; Nearest towns: Project in La Veta; Walsenburg, 15 miles

Dates: August 22-27: Must commit to full session; shorter stays negotiable; Applications due: June 15

Description: The Spanish Peaks are a spectacular landmark in southeast Colorado and are proposed for wilderness designation. They are listed as a National Natural Landmark because of the extensive system of natural volcanic dikes radiating from the peaks. Although the area is prominent historically (the peaks are known from Santa Fe Trail lore as the "Huajatolla" or "Breasts of the Earth"), we know few specifics about prehistoric and historical-period resources. We are recruiting volunteers to help us investigate the peaks and to record any evidence of prehistoric occupation and historic use. Potential prehistoric resources include campsites with flaked-stone tools and Apishipa culture architectural sites. The predominantly ponderosa pine-mixed conifer forest area around the Spanish Peaks should be an ideal place to enjoy nature in the high summer; there will be a moderate hike of 2-3 miles each day of the survey. We encourage experienced archaeological surveyors, interested neophytes, and persons with applicable specialized experience such as photography or sketching, to apply. We invite you to help us this summer in rediscovering Huajatolla and our western heritage.

Number of openings: 6-8; Special skills: Participants should be in good health and able to hike over rough terrain; archaeological survey experience desirable;

Minimum age: 15 years old; under 18 with a responsible adult;

Facilities: FS bunkhouse facilities in the San Isabel NF; space for tents/campers also available; commercial lodging in La Veta. Participants responsible for own food; cooking facilities provided. Retail facilities and gas in La Veta and Walsenburg

Project: Chimney Rock Limited Testing; Nearest town: Pagosa Springs, ~17 miles

Dates: July 12-16: Must commit to full session; Applications due: April 15

Description: Volunteers will help archaeologists excavate and evaluate midden deposits located along an actively eroding cliff edge at the Ancestral Pueblo of Chimney Rock. Chimney Rock is an important Chacoan outlier site dating between AD 1000 and 1125. In addition to the archaeological nature of the site, its spectacular setting, panoramic vistas, and interpretive program provide visitors with a unique experience in southwestern archaeology. There have been no significant archaeological investigations at the site since the late 1980s. Recent finds of Pueblo I period ceramics and the immediate danger of loss of this material to erosion provide a need to evaluate these midden deposits and develop a stabilization plan. Fieldwork will consist of a minimum of five 1-m2 test excavations. FS archaeologists and Dr. Elizabeth Morris, professor emerita from the University of Arizona, will supervise the excavations. Volunteers will receive training in site protection, excavation, and evaluation.

Number of openings: 5

Minimum age: 12 years old; under 18 with a responsible adult

Facilities: Water and toilets provided at FS's rustic Ute Campground; RVs welcome, but no electric or sewer hookups available.

G L E I C H M A N

CALUMET - March, 1999

Project: First Fork Area Heritage Inventory; Nearest town: Pagosa Springs, ~17 miles

Dates: June 14-18, 21-25: Must commit to 1 full session; encouraged to commit to both; Applications due: April 15

Description: The First Fork Area Heritage Inventory Project will include surveying for historical-period and prehistoric heritage resources in one of the most beautiful and culturally diverse areas of the forest. Volunteers will describe, map, and photograph evidence of human history spanning 4,000 years and representing a diverse assemblage of sites and artifacts left by seasonal hunting and gathering Archaic period, Ancestral Pueblo and Ute peoples, and some of southwestern Colorado's earliest livestock ranchers. The project will involve site survey and subsurface testing along the First Fork and Sand Creek drainages, tributaries of the Piedra River. Some portions of the project area are accessible by vehicle, but most are accessible only on foot. Volunteer and project equipment will be packed in by horse. Archaeological research by Ms. Mona Charles, Fort Lewis College, and Ute history from a Southern Ute traditional practitioner and tribal historian are planned, along with a field trip to the Ancestral Pueblo sites in the Chimney Rock Archaeological Area. Number of openings: 15

Special skills: Must be able to hike and camp in rough terrain at high elevations; Minimum age: 18 years old

Facilities: Water and toilets provided at FS's rustic Ute Campground; RVs welcome, but no electric or sewer hookups available; some backcountry camping required

Project: Glade Research Survey, Phase II; Nearest town: Dolores, 40 miles

Dates: August 16-20: Must commit to full session; Applications due: June 15

Description: Volunteers and FS archaeologists will continue surveying in the beautiful and culturally rich area known as the Glade. The Glade is an extensive meadow on a geographic divide between the high pine country on the north rim of the Dolores River and the lowlands of Disappointment Valley. Numerous prehistoric and historical-period sites representing a broad range of human occupation have been found in the area surrounding the Glade, and the FS is interested in learning the nature and extent of the occupation within the Glade proper. Archaeological surveys conducted in the first field season of the Glade Research Survey PIT project (August 1998) revealed numerous prehistoric sites located in the Glade. Nine sites and numerous isolated finds were located in the 200 acres that was intensively surveyed last year. This year's survey is expected to be equally interesting and rewarding. On the first day, participants will visit a large site located near Glade Lake in order to familiarize themselves with the types of artifacts they will encounter during the survey. The remaining four days will be spent doing actual survey and site recording in the Glade. Number of openings: 5; Special skills: Should be in good health and able to hike over rough, steep terrain; archaeological survey experience desirable; Minimum age: 18 years old

Facilities: FS campground with toilets and water; RVs welcome, but no electric hookups provided; volunteers must provide own food and camping gear

Project: Historical and Prehistoric Investigations in the Vicinity of Bonanza; Nearest town: Saguache, 35 miles

Dates: July 11-17: Must commit to 3 consecutive days; Applications due: April 15

Description: The San Juan-Rio Grande NF is currently conducting historical and prehistoric archaeological investigations in the vicinity of Bonanza, Colorado, a historic silver mining town dating back to 1880. In 1998, PIT volunteers mapped the remains of structures associated with the Rawley Mine. In addition, historic photos were used to identify specific buildings and features. Test excavations within a dump and privy of an identified boarding house yielded a variety of artifacts that have the potential to tell us more about life in a mining camp. A 1998 inventory also revealed an extensive prehistoric site, which was recorded. Volunteers this season will continue the mapping and test excavation effort begun in 1998 at the Rawley Mine and conduct additional survey in search of prehistoric sites. Tim Buxton of the Saguache Ranger District will lead volunteers on a historical tour to acquaint the group with the area. Tim, who has many historic photos to help visualize what the area looked like in the "old" days, has extensively researched the history of Bonanza as a part of a mine reclamation project. Number of openings: 6

Special skills: Experience in survey and excavation, recording, mapping, and photography of historical-period features desirable; Minimum age: 18 years old

Facilities: Group will stay in nearby Brewery Creek Guard Station; water, outhouse, wood stove, and bunks for 6 people available; no electricity. Volunteers urged to bring own camper trailers to ease crowding. FS will provide cooking and eating utensils and a gas grill and burners.

CALUMET - March, 1999

Volunteer Opportunities

Miscellaneous

1999 Colorado Coal Field War Archaeological Field School

University of Denver, Fort Lewis College, SUNY-Binghamton

Overlapping Sessions: June 14- July 23, June 28- August 6

The 1999 Colorado Coal Field War Archaeological Field School is a joint collaboration between the University of Denver, Fort Lewis College, and the State University of New York at Binghamton. It will be held at the Ludlow Tent Colony, a National Historic Register site associated with the Ludlow Massacre Memorial. The Ludlow Tent Colony is located 15 miles north of Trinidad, Colorado.

History: On the morning of April 20, 1914 Colorado National Guard Troops opened fire on a tent colony of 1,200 striking coal miners and their families at Ludlow, Colorado. The miners were striking for better pay and working conditions. An exchange of gunfire continued into the evening, when the colony was set aflame. When the smoke cleared eighteen to twenty of the colony's inhabitants were dead, including two women and eleven children. The Ludlow Massacre was the most

violent and best known episode of the 1913-1914 Colorado Coal Field Strike, and a seminal event in U.S. labor history.

Past Efforts: The first full season of work at Ludlow in 1998 uncovered the remains of a tent platform, deep trash-filled features, and many artifacts including glass, ceramics, tin cans, cutlery, stove parts, pieces of clothing, ammunition, children's toys, religious medallions, and other personal items. Excavations in 1998 at Berwind, a coal camp located up a canyon west of Ludlow, also yielded abundant remains that provide a comparative perspective on tent colony life. In 1999, field school participants will work at both Ludlow and Berwind.

Room and Board: Participants receive free room and board courtesy of a Colorado Historical Society grant to the University of Denver. Students will be housed and fed in dormitories at Trinidad State Junior College in Trinidad. Transportation between Trinidad and the field sites will be provided.

Volunteers: Persons not seeking course credit are invited to participate in the fieldwork. Room and board will be provided if there is space available.

Direct Inquiries To: Mark Walker, Department of Anthropology, 2130 South Race Street, University of Denver, Denver CO 80208; 303-871-2406; E-mail: markwalk@du.edu

Miami Stone Circle

Published Sunday, February 21, 1999, in the Miami Herald

Carl Hiaasen

>From the Hell-Freezes-Over Department: The Miami-Dade Commission last week acted by a 10-1 margin to block construction of a waterfront high-rise on Biscayne Bay. Shocking? Try otherworldly. Ten Florida politicians voting against a developer? To save an Indian relic? Let the Circle stay unbroken! That was the mind-blowing message from the County Commission, which moved Thursday to seize and protect the now-famous archaeological dig at the mouth of the Miami River. And so ghosts of a long-vanquished tribe arise to hold hostage a pricey piece of 21st-Century skyline, and give a poignant history lesson to a metropolis of millions. In some peaceful faraway place, a Tequesta chieftain must be smiling.

The last of his people were removed from Florida after the Spanish signed it away in 1763. About 80 Tequestas were put on a ship and taken to Spain by Catholic missionaries. No other indigenous tribes remained intact here. All of Florida's ancient civilizations had been obliterated in 250 bloody years of foreign plunder. Along with the Tequestas had vanished the Timucuans, the Calusas, the Apalachees, the Ais and Jeaga. Together they had numbered perhaps 100,000 on that day in 1513 when Ponce de Leon landed. From then on, it was all downhill. By the time the Seminoles arrived -- chased here from Georgia and Alabama when the Creek nation came under siege -- the Tequestas and the others had long ago been reduced to dust, bones and pottery scraps.

The best part: Nobody knows what the darn thing is, including those who keep calling it ''sacred.'' Maybe it was a temple. Maybe it was a market. Maybe it was a time-telling astronomical station. Or maybe it was just a very elaborate latrine, in which case that old Tequesta chief isn't just smiling. He's howling with laughter. Even the experts are left to guess what the odd hole-pocked formation was. Unfortunately, the only people who would know for sure aren't around to say. So the Circle might as well be sacred, if not to the Tequestas, then at least to us. The politicians already got religion from it.

Kristine Holien

CALUMET - March, 1999

Kennewick Man

This article is from the internet site, http://www.friendsofpast.org/main.html

"We've created Friends of America's Past, a nonprofit organization dedicated to promoting and advancing the rights of scientists and the public to learn about America's past. Our mission is to keep the door of scientific inquiry open and to work to maintain the integrity of scientific inquiry in this country. We want to raise public awareness and to act as a resource to advise others about their scientific rights under the law. Our immediate focus is to raise funds to support the Kennewick Man case.

"The implications for this case reach far beyond studying the Kennewick Man's skeleton. The resolution of this case will affect scientists' freedom to study other skeletons, other sites, other traces of the past. If this case is won, there will be a future for archeology and physical anthropology in this country. If it is lost, the future could be bleak for scientific inquiry concerning the past.

"We created Friends of America's Past because we believe America's prehistory must be preserved. The past should be available to everyone now and in the future: to ask new questions, to discover, and to learn. We believe every citizen has the right to understand the past. Friends of America's Past is working to raise public awareness that this right is being challenged.

"The past is at risk. It's time to stand up for the right to ask questions about the past. We all share the past -- no one owns it. This is the principle scientists are fighting to protect in the Kennewick Man case. Imagine if you were told that you could learn nothing more about America's ancient past. Imagine if a few people could decide by whom, when, and how the past can be studied. Is this the legacy we want to leave to future generations? It's happening now.

"The Kennewick Man case is the most visible example of arbitrary limits put on our right to learn about America's past. Without action, there will be more limitations. Taking action Friends of America's Past was organized by people who believe America's prehistory must be preserved. The past should be available to everyone now and in the future: to ask new questions, to discover, to learn. The past will be lost unless we defend our right to learn about the heritage of all Americans

bring needed clarity to NAGPRA and other laws that impact the study of the past prevent the loss of valuable scientific information due to biased interpretations of the law keep our country free for exploring and expressing all views and explanations of our past. E-mail: info@friendsofpast.org

The Government's study announcement and Plaintiff's response

The text of the government filing in U.S. District Court for the District of Oregon on February 10, 1999 is as follows:

On February 2, 1999, Assistant U.S. Attorney Tim Simmons traveled to Davis California to retrieve the finger bone fragments from Dr. Smith, U.C. Davis. Immediately after Dr. Smith packaged the bone fragments, Mr. Simmons flew with the package to the Burke Museum and placed them in the Delta Design Cabinet. The United States had planned to have Mr. Simmons give the fragments to Dr. Trimble, who was rehousing the other remains that week, and have Dr. Trimble place them in the cabinet. However, once Mr. Simmons was at the Burke, it was decided that he should enter the room and observe the package being placed in the cabinet, in order to have a single chain of custody. In addition, pursuant to the Revised Joint Memorandum of Agreement Regarding Transfer of the Remains To the Burke Museum, September 30, 1998, the United States gives notice from that approximately February 24, 1999 through March 5, 1999, Dr. Francis McManaman and the scientific team that he is in the process of selecting, will perform the investigations to be performed in the first stage ( the nondestructive stage ) of testing.

Press Release

Counsel's Statement on behalf of Bonnichsen Plaintiffs

February 11, 1999

Plaintiffs have received a copy of a notice filed by the government in the Kennewick Man case (Bonnichsen et.al. v. U.S., Civil No. 96-1481) stating that defendants will begin their proposed studies of the skeleton on approximately February 24, 1999. The notice does not specify the number or names of the persons who will conduct these studies which are said to constitute a "first stage" of testing. Plaintiffs are relieved that study of the skeleton may, at last, be on the verge of starting. It has been a long struggle to bring the government to this point. Plaintiffs hope that this first round of limited studies will eventually lead to full-scale comprehensive investigation of the skeleton and Kennewick Man's importance in the early peopling of the Americas. Plaintiffs look forward to seeing the results of this first stage of testing, and they hope that the reports of defendants' study team will be released promptly and without prior editing by government non-scientists.

CALUMET - March, 1999

Unfortunately, this was not the case for earlier reports by government scientists relating to the skeleton's storage or study of its discovery site. The government's proposed program for studying the skeleton raises other concerns. If federal officials are truly interested in obtaining the best possible data for resolving this case, then why are plaintiffs being excluded from study of the skeleton? Common sense and simple fairness would dictate that they be given a chance to participate. Had it not been for plaintiffs, the skeleton would have been reburied more than two and a half years ago just as its discovery site has since been buried.

Plaintiffs have much to contribute to any scientific study of this enormously important discovery from America's past. They and the members of their study team have spent their professional careers investigating questions relating to human evolution and the peopling of the Americas. Together, they have written or co-authored over 750 scientific articles and a dozen books. Many of them are, or have been, editors of some of the most authoritative scientific publications in their fields. Without the participation of these scholars, any attempt to determine who the Kennewick Man was and how he relates to modern peoples will be incomplete.

Plaintiffs have offered to study the skeleton without charge to the government. Their sole interest is in determining the scientific facts relating to Kennewick Man. Plaintiffs have offered to share with the government (and the public) the complete results of everything they learn. Plaintiffs hope that the government will have more success in meeting its announced study date of February 24th than it has had with past schedules. It has been over two and a half years now since the skeleton was first discovered. Over that period of time, the government has announced numerous plans for resolving this case, but unfortunately none of its past timelines have been met. It can only be hoped that this latest announcement will not be another cause for further delays and excuses.

Membership Renewals

The following members have renewals due in March:

Norma Boslough, Jim Chase, Paula M. Edwards, Jeannie Hamilton, Frank Hauke, Kris Holien,

Gene O'Barr, Hal Ravesloot, Dock Teegarden

The following members have renewals due in April:

Connie Duras, Michael Landem, Colleen and Calvin Schilling

February Board of Directors' Meeting

Meeting called to order on February 4th at 7:30 PM at the Boulder Police Department. Present: Avery, Braitberg, Cree, Damon, Landem, Miller, Morrell, Owens, Shay, Smith, Stinson

Secretary's report: (Damon) Minutes from January board meeting read and approved.

Treasurer's report: (Owens) Cash balance as of February 3rd, 1999 is $1520.69. There is a reconciliation that will be reflected in March balance. Annual state CAS dues are due.

President/Vice President's report: (Morrell) Lecture schedule is in place through May. Still soliciting ideas for remainder of year. Chapter member Leigh Minturn volunteered to join IPCAS board. Pete Gleichman, professional archaeologist from Native Cultural Resources also offered to join board. Welcome to both Leigh and Pete - and THANK YOU for your participation!

Unfinished Business: New location for board meetings will be at Cindy Miller's place of business (1123 Spruce St #103) - because the Police Department will no longer be available. It is unclear whether State CAS expects IPCAS to host the quarterly meeting. Cindy Miller will contact Bob Mutaw to confirm. Discussion about possible fund raising,: March meeting will be focused on improving cash flow.

New Business: Chapter library has not been utilized and the board needs to resolve its disposition. It is currently stored at Avery's home. Possibilities include donation of the collection to the Carnegie Library or sale to IPCAS members. Most books are readily available in bookstores, with few "collectibles".

Tom Cree will provide a preview list of field opportunities for 1999 in the March Calumet.

Mike Landem explained possibility of IPCAS sponsoring a project with the Forest Service on St. Vrain Creek in conjunction with Byron Olson during week of August 2nd through August 6th. Board needs to discuss possible chapter participation during Colorado Archaeology and Historic Preservation Week in May.

This newsletter is published monthly (except June and August) by the Indian Peaks Chapter, Colorado Archaeological Society. The views expressed in articles or editorials appearing in this publication do not necessarily reflect those of the membership or the Executive Board of the Indian Peaks Chapter, Colorado Archaeological Society.

Dock Teegarden

1999 Officers and Board Members

President Unfilled

Vice-President Jim Morrell (303) 652-2874 jmorrell@gateway.net

Treasurer Dick Owens (303) 650-4784 yankee_clipper@email.msn.com

Secretary Cheryl Damon (303) 678-8076 cherdam@compuserve.com

CAS Representative Cindy Miller (303) 415-9564 cindy@sni.net

Professional Advisor Dr. Robert Brunswig (970) 351-2138 rhbruns@bentley.univnorthco.edu

Project Information Piper Prillaman (303) 988-0814 dyggum@aol.com

PAAC Coordinator Morey/Janet Stinson (303) 530-7727 mstinson@cris.com

Internet Manager Doak Heyser (303) 678-5728 doak@indra.com

Calumet Editor Tom Cree (303) 776-7004 tlc@lanminds.net

Membership Director Mac Avery (303) 499-3455 averycompany@sprintmail.com

Board Member Michael Braitberg (303) 443-7190 mbrait@ix.netcom.com

Board Member Leni Clubb (760) 358-7835 leniwaa@inreach.com

Board Member Pete Gleichman (303) 494-5267 gleichman1@aol.com

Board Member Kristine Holien (970) 586-8982 kris_holien@nps.gov

Board Member Ken Larson (303) 469-2228 kglarson@ix.netcom.com

Board Member Leigh Minturn (303) 440-4342

Board Member Hilary Reynolds-Burton (303) 530-1229 hilary@landbridge.com

Board Member Donna Shay (303) 443-3273

Board Member Russell Smith (303) 776-5503 rdsmith@lanminds.net

Please check the club web-site at: http//www.coloradoarchaeology.org

MEMBERSHIP APPLICATION - INDIAN PEAKS CHAPTER

____ Individual $25 / Year ____ New __________ Date

____ Family $28 / Year ____ Renewal

NAME ___________________________ TELEPHONE (____)__________

ADDRESS ________________________ E-MAIL ____________________

CITY _____________________________ STATE ______ ZIP___________

Please make check payable to: Indian Peaks Chapter, CAS

Mail to: PO Box 18301

Boulder, CO 80308-1301

When you join or renew you will receive the Calumet, our monthly newsletter, and

Southwestern Lore, the quarterly publication of the Colorado Archaeological Society.

And you will have opened the door to Colorado Archaeology.

CALUMET

Newsletter of the Indian Peaks Chapter

of the Colorado Archaeological Society

P.O. Box 18301

Boulder, CO 80308-1301